{"id":97,"date":"2016-06-20T14:49:39","date_gmt":"2016-06-20T14:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/adrian.cassiomontana.org\/?p=97"},"modified":"2016-06-20T15:07:23","modified_gmt":"2016-06-20T15:07:23","slug":"amenajare-de-traseu-via-ferrata","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adrian.cassiomontana.org\/index.php\/2016\/06\/20\/amenajare-de-traseu-via-ferrata\/","title":{"rendered":"Amenajare de traseu via ferrata"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"scan1\"<\/a>

scan1 (pagini in enleza la cere face trimitere textul in romana de mai jos)<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

\"via<\/a>

\u00a0traseu via ferrata (text in romana mai jos, cu referiri la textul in engleza)<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"scan0001\"<\/a> \"scan0002\"<\/a> \"scan0003\"<\/a> \"scan0004\"<\/a> \"scan0005\"<\/a> \"scan0007\"<\/a> \"scan0008\"<\/a> \"scan0009\"<\/a> \"scan0010\"<\/a> \"scan0011\"<\/a> \"scan0012\"<\/a> \"scan0013\"<\/a> \"scan0014\"<\/a> \"scan0015\"<\/a> \"scan0016\"<\/a> \"scan0018\"<\/a> \"scan0019\"<\/a> \"scan0020\"<\/a> \"scan0021\"<\/a> \"scan0022\"<\/a> \"scan0023\"<\/a> \"scan0024\"<\/a> \"scan0025\"<\/a> \"scan0026\"<\/a> \"scan0027\"<\/a>\"scan0001\"<\/a>\"scan0002\"<\/a>\"scan0003\"<\/a>\"scan0001\"<\/a>\"scan0002\"<\/a>\"scan0003\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vom prezenta\u00a0 \u00een c\u00e2teva episoade un material (destul de amplu) referitor la standardele aplicabile \u00een realizarea unui traseu de via-ferrata ; ast\u0103zi, primul episod din :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

STANDARDIZAREA MUNTELUI<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

(sau, c\u00e2teva opinii referitor la construc\u021bia unei \u201dvia ferrata\u201d)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

O activitate \u00een plin\u0103 vog\u0103, parcurgerea traseelor de via ferrata, a f\u0103cut ca \u0219i la noi s\u0103 apar\u0103 c\u00e2teva astfel de rute. \u0218i, evident, au ap\u0103rut \u0219i opinii (controverse chiar). Departe de noi g\u00e2ndul de a ne angrena \u00een posibile dispute. Dorim doar s\u0103 punct\u0103m c\u00e2teva aspecte TEHNICE , aspecte ce pot fi \u00eensu\u0219ite, pot fi \u00eembog\u0103\u021bite, sau, pot fi ignorate\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00cencepem prin a v\u0103 supune aten\u021biei un articol (zicem noi) foarte documentat \u0219i bine argumentat, \u0219i, de la care, a pornit \u0219i analiza noastr\u0103, asupra fenomenului \u00een cauz\u0103 :<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

RECOMMENDATION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF KLETTERSTEIGS (ALSO KNOWN AS VIA FERRATE) AND WIRE CABLE BELAY SYSTEMS<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Produced by the <\/u><\/em><\/strong>German Alpine Club and the <\/u><\/em><\/strong>Austrian Board of Mountain Safety<\/u><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Editors : Chris Semmel<\/u><\/em> und Florian Hellberg<\/u><\/em>,<\/p>\n

German Alpine Club Safety Analysis Unit<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

Munich, Germany, 2008<\/p>\n

Translated from the German by Dave Custer<\/u><\/em>,<\/p>\n

American Alpine Club – Delegate to the UIAA Safety Commision<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

2009<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u201dCalificarea\u201d autorilor fiind evident\u0103, putem s\u0103 lu\u0103m de bun augur expertiza acestor oameni. Ata\u0219\u0103m \u0219i scanarea (1) pentru textul articolului<\/u> (pentru a nu c\u0103uta prea mult pe internet: www.theuiaa.org<\/a> ) . Ne cerem scuze pentru adnot\u0103rile de pe marginea textului (dar, poate sunt, chiar \u0219i acestea utile<\/u> la ceva). Observ\u0103m c\u0103 deja din titlu, apare cuv\u00e2ntul \u201dsafety\u201d (\u201dsiguran\u021b\u0103\u201d, adic\u0103\u00a0 \u201dnon-risc<\/strong>\u201d) \u0219i apare de trei ori ! Iar departamentele unde lucreaz\u0103 ace\u0219ti oameni, se ocup\u0103 (\u00een alpinism !),\u00a0 tocmai de \u201dgestionarea riscurilor<\/strong>\u201d; adic\u0103, o ramur\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103<\/u> foarte de actualitate, azi !!! (mai ales in economie, dar nu numai\u2026; materiale \u201dinteresante\u201d \u00een acest sens, pute\u021bi g\u0103si chiar \u0219i pe Blog Adrian Paut\u0103).<\/p>\n

Ca o parantez\u0103, Australia<\/strong> este renumit\u0103 \u0219i foarte apreciat\u0103 pentru tratatele \u0219tiin\u021bifice referitoare la \u201dgestionarea riscurilor\u201d. Probabil, datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 au o puternic\u0103 tradi\u021bie \u00een industria minier\u0103, adic\u0103 tocmai o industrie plin\u0103 de riscuri<\/u>\u2026 (\u0218i la noi, singurul Institut Na\u021bional specializat in analiza \u201dfactorilor de risc\u201d se afl\u0103 la Petro\u0219ani). \u0218i (probabil) prin rico\u0219eu, av\u00e2nd australienii aceast\u0103 baz\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103, nu simt nevoia nici m\u0103car\u2026 s\u0103 fie membri UIAA <\/strong>!?! (prefer\u0103 s\u0103-\u0219i fac\u0103 propriile normative, chiar \u0219i \u00een materie de alpinism).\u00a0 Dar, vom mai pomeni de normativele UIAA (coroborat cu\u00a0 no\u021biunea de STANDARD). P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, v\u0103 putem recomanda spre consultare, excelentele articole provenite din Italia :<\/p>\n

Normative UIAA e CEN ; www.luigifilocamo.it\/CAI\/norme_uiaa_cen.pps<\/a><\/p>\n

Dar s\u0103 revenim la \u201doile noastre\u201d, de pe \u201dplaiuri mioritice\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

Fenomenul \u201dvia ferrata\u201d, poate s\u0103 fie, foarte probabil, legat de \u201dac\u021biuni organizate\u201d, viz\u00e2nd \u201dgrupuri de persoane\u201d (peste 20, de ex.), \u0219i, implicit de ac\u021biunea \u201dghizilor\u201d (c\u00e2t \u0219i, probabil, de \u201dtaxe\u201d pl\u0103tite de \u201dconsumatori\u201d)\u2026 iat\u0103 cum, deja sunt enumerate c\u00e2teva \u201dcuvinte\u201d aflate sub inciden\u021ba LEGII ! Pentru c\u0103, vrem nu vrem, asemenea trasee de via ferrata, se cam asimileaz\u0103 \u201dparcurilor de aventur\u0103\u201d (alt fenomen foarte la mod\u0103). Adic\u0103, o activitate de \u201dinteres public<\/u>\u201d (sau chiar \u201dcomercial\u201d) \u0219i care, nu se poate desf\u0103\u0219ura acoperit dpdv \u201dlegal<\/u>\u201d, dec\u00e2t in baza unor \u201dstandarde<\/u>\u201d !!!<\/p>\n

\u0218i ca dovad\u0103, \u00eentreg materialul citat (germano-austriaco-american) face trimitere PERMANENT\u0102 la standarde<\/strong> (faimoasele standarde germane \u201dDIN\u201d de ex. ). Echivalen\u021ba acestora, se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u00een deplin consens european, \u00een standardele rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti \u201dSR-EN\u201d (accesul la orice standard este public, DAR, contra cost !… ceva-ceva am mai reu\u0219it s\u0103 \u201dciupim\u201d \u0219i \u201dpe blat\u201d, c-a\u0219a-i rum\u00e2nu\u2026). \u0218i trebuie sa men\u021bion\u0103m faptul, c\u0103 din ce \u00een ce mai mul\u021bi furnizori (serio\u0219i) de materiale de pe pia\u021ba rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, \u00ee\u0219i prezint\u0103 produsele \u00een lumina acestor standarde !<\/p>\n

S\u0103 \u00eencerc\u0103m s\u0103 ne l\u0103murim ce sunt de fapt aceste standarde (europene)\u2026 Ele sunt echivalentul \u201dSTAS-urilor\u201d de alt\u0103 dat\u0103. C\u00e2nd spui (chiar \u0219i azi) c\u0103 un lucru e \u201dstas\u201d, spui c\u0103 acel lucru este f\u0103cut a\u0219a cum trebuie. Adic\u0103 (\u00een \u00een\u021belesul \u201dactualizat\u201d), standardul confer\u0103 \u00ceNCREDERE clientului, \u00een respectiva marf\u0103 . C\u00e2ndva, stas-urile erau un fel de \u201dlege\u201d(fiind obligatorii). Pe c\u00e2nd acum,\u00a0 standardele, NU mai sunt obligatorii; ele sunt VOLUNTARE !?! Doar c\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 ele, nimeni nu \u00ee\u021bi mai acord\u0103 \u00eencredere<\/u>, \u0219i asta conteaz\u0103 enorm \u00een economia de pia\u021b\u0103. De asemenea, \u00een caz de revendic\u0103ri de desp\u0103gubiri (\u00ceN INSTAN\u021a\u0102), respectarea unor standarde, at\u00e2rn\u0103 decisiv<\/u> in analiza EXPERTULUI (stabilit de instan\u021b\u0103 pentru a efectua o expertiz\u0103).<\/p>\n

Aici facem o detaliere, care, aproape sigur va st\u00e2rni mari controverse\u2026 NORMELE \u00a0\u201dUIAA\u201d,\u00a0 NU<\/strong> SUNT STANDARDE !!! <\/u>Produsele cu marca UIAA confer\u0103 \u00eencredere doar (cel mult !) membrilor<\/u> UIAA ! (si am v\u0103zut, c\u0103 de ex. Australia, nu are nevoie de \u201d\u00eencrederea\u201d dat\u0103\u00a0 prin marcajul UIAA\u2026). \u0218i, merg\u00e2nd mai departe, UIAA nu confer\u0103 \u00eencredere nici pentru analiza unui expert judiciar (mai ales dac\u0103 acesta nu e\u2026 alpinist). Rom\u00e2nia nu este membru UIAA la nivel de stat<\/strong>, ci la nivel de organiza\u021bie<\/u> !!! Intrarea \u00een UIAA nu s-a stabilit la nivel parlamentar sau guvernamental\u2026 pe c\u00e2nd, \u00eenfiin\u021barea Institutului Rom\u00e2n de Standardizare \u0219i aderarea la Standardele Europene (CEN), cam a\u0219a s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat\u2026 (adic\u0103, la nivel inter-statal !). Deci, cam asta e diferen\u021ba, \u0219i , credem c\u0103 nu e una mic\u0103\/neglijabil\u0103 (ba chiar c\u0103 e una foarte mare !). Doar c\u0103, prin omisiune, se cam induce aceast\u0103 FALS\u0102 \u201dstandardizare\u201d, a unor \u201dnormative organiza\u021bionale\u201d (cele UIAA).<\/p>\n

Dar, s\u0103 analiz\u0103m tocmai c\u00e2teva astfel de normative UIAA (vede\u021bi \u0219i articolul italian \u00een prealabil), acum, c\u00e2nd ne-am l\u0103murit cum st\u0103 treaba cu standardele adev\u0103rate.<\/p>\n

UIAA 123<\/strong> (vezi scanare (2) document). S\u0103 \u00eencepem cu titlul : \u201dROCK<\/strong> ANCHORS\u201d, adic\u0103 gujoane\/spituri \u00een<\/strong> st\u00e2nc\u0103<\/strong> (\u0219i vom vedea c\u0103 \u201dst\u00e2nca\u201d nici NU exist\u0103 \u00een normativ !?…). Apoi, \u201dglobally recognized\u201d (recunoa\u0219tere global\u0103<\/u>) nu prea e \u201ddigerat\u0103\u201d \u00een Australia de exemplu (\u0219i nici prin Americi, Africa)\u2026 \u0218i, \u00een continuare, \u201dcollaborates with its partner in standardization CEN\u201d\u2026 p\u0103i, orice<\/u> entitate care UTILIZEAZ\u0102 standarde, este rugat\u0103 de CEN s\u0103 trimit\u0103 observa\u021bii referitor la aplicarea acestora ! (\u0219i implicit, este astfel, oarecum \u201dpartener\u201d) . Acesta e un principiu de baz\u0103 \u00een ISO 9000 (managementul calit\u0103\u021bii) , \u0219i care regul\u0103 de baz\u0103, face ca produsul numit \u201dstandard de calitate\u201d sa fie \u201d\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bit continuu\u201d (altfel ar fi un produs \u201dn\u0103scut mort\u201d).<\/p>\n

Deci, ceea ce face UIAA, face orice \u201dconsumator\u201d activ <\/u>de standarde (\u0219i e prea mult spus, c\u0103 ar fi un \u201dparteneriat\u201d) ; dar, uite a\u0219a, ne strecur\u0103m sub umbrela unui standard adev\u0103rat EN 959 \/ 2007. \u00cens\u0103 despre care standard \u201dumbrel\u0103\u201d, UIAA se eschiveaz\u0103 in fraza imediat urm\u0103toare, spun\u00e2nd c\u0103\u2026NU \u00eel satisface integral (\u201ddoes not state the full requirements\u201d)\u2026 \u0218i a\u0219a \u0219i este : EN 959\/2007 se refera doar<\/u> la bol\u021b\/ancor\u0103 (gujon\/spit), NU \u0219i la urechea<\/strong> ata\u0219at\u0103, \u0219i\u2026 nicidecum\u00a0 la st\u00e2nc\u0103<\/strong> (!!!)\u2026 \u00cen anexa la UIAA 123, se d\u0103 UN desen de ureche, cu ni\u0219te criterii de proiectare (\u201ddesign requiements\u201d) \u0219i deci, in baza acestor criterii, proiectezi CE VREI, adic\u0103, nu asta e singura<\/u> ureche posibil\u0103 de proiectat.<\/p>\n

C\u0103 e cea mai \u201dpopular\u0103\u201d, \u0219i probabil, cea mai u\u0219or\/IEFTIN de produs la scar\u0103 industrial\u0103 (incluz\u00e2nd aici \u0219i \u201dchinez\u0103riile\u201d f\u0103r\u0103 nici un standard<\/u> !); nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 de acum \u00eenainte, nu se vor folosi dec\u00e2t asemenea \u201durechi\u201d. Dar, s-a indus ideea c\u0103 e singura \u201dureche\u201d acceptat\u0103 (p\u0103i \u0219i ce facem atunci, cu cele \u201dde rapel\u201d, prev\u0103zute suplimentar cu un inel ?); \u00een anex\u0103 nu e desenat nici un inel (doar spune c\u0103 gaura trebuie s\u0103 fie suficient de larg\u0103); probabil,<\/u> ca s\u0103 \u00eencap\u0103 \u0219i o carabinier\u0103 pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 inel .\u201dProbabil\u201d, DAR\u2026 un \u201dstas\u201d nu las\u0103 loc de interpret\u0103ri !! \u2013 asta este o regul\u0103 de baz\u0103-.<\/p>\n

Mai mult, condi\u021biile minimale de cote dimensionale, sunt pentru: a nu t\u0103ia, a nu freca,a\u00a0 nu deteriora, a nu r\u0103ni, etc., nicidecum ca rezisten\u021b\u0103 mecanic\u0103<\/u>, criterii care, sunt clar fixate la capitolul for\u021be<\/u> (kN)\u2026 Dar\u2026 s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 am avea deja un material\u00a0 mai u\u0219or si mai rezistent dec\u00e2t o\u021belul INOXIDABIL (\u201dstainless steel\u201d), precum \u0219i o form\u0103 mai simplu\/ieftin de produs la o imprimant\u0103 3D (de ex.) \u2026 Ce facem ? R\u0103m\u00e2nem sclavii \u201durechii\u201d unice? E clar ca este vorba DOAR de UN exemplu posibil<\/u>. \u0218i vom vedea mai departe, \u00een materialul nostru, ca vom descoperi \u00a0\u201durechi de ancore\u201d STANDARDIZATE<\/u> ! (altele<\/strong> dec\u00e2t\u00a0 la UIAA !).\u00a0 Iar ca dovad\u0103 de caren\u021b\u0103 procedural\u0103, s\u0103 compar\u0103m cu normativul despre carabiniere (vezi scanare (3) document)\u00a0 UIAA 121<\/strong> (despre cararabiniere, \u0219tim c\u0103 sunt deja \u00een uz,<\/u> sute<\/strong> de forme constructive !). Ei bine\u2026 aici, nu ne mai dau nici un desen !!!???…(\u201dconsecven\u021b\u0103\u201d \u2026 procedurala ?).<\/p>\n

\u0218i, \u00een fine, ultima observa\u021bie: spuneam de cuv\u00e2ntul \u201dst\u00e2nc\u0103\u201d invocat chiar din titlu . P\u0103i \u00een anex\u0103 , UIAA spune \u00een loc de \u201dst\u00e2nca\u201d\u2026 BETON !?! (\u201dconcrete\u201d)\u2026 De ce? Simplu! (cunoa\u0219tem deja \u201dmetoda\u201d!). Pentru a putea invoca un standard adev\u0103rat : ISO TR 9492 (un standard de\u2026 betoane !?!). Pentru c\u0103, standard de st\u00e2nc\u0103 NU exist\u0103 (\u0219i nici nu credem c\u0103 va exista !).<\/p>\n

Iar dac\u0103 v\u0103 uita\u021bi pe calendarul competi\u021bional<\/strong> de activit\u0103\u021bi (sportive<\/u>) desf\u0103\u0219urate sub egida UIAA, ve\u021bi constata (cu uimire ?!) c\u0103 acestea sunt exclusiv <\/u>competi\u021bii pe STRUCTURI ARTIFICIALE <\/strong>(adic\u0103, exclude tocmai MUNTELE\/st\u00e2nca <\/strong>din Alpinism !?!?) \u2026 \u201dcurat murdar, neicu\u0219orule\u201d\u2026 De ce ? Tocmai datorit\u0103 lipsei de standarde <\/strong>( \u00een caz de revendic\u0103ri in justi\u021bie ! – de ex.). Muntele NU poate fi standardizat! Iar \u00een cazul unui alpinist (care NU e sportiv), urc\u00e2nd pe munte, se induce implicit, o asumare PERSONAL\u0102 de risc<\/strong> \u2026<\/p>\n

\u00cen concluzie (pan\u0103 aici) : inconsecven\u021b\u0103, lips\u0103 de obiectivitate, caren\u021be procedurale<\/u>, toate fiind incompatibile cu un standard \u201dadev\u0103rat\u201d (adic\u0103, asimilabil sistemului CEN<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

\u0218i, iat\u0103 \u0219i dovada gen \u201dcirea\u0219\u0103 de pe tort\u201d : exista normative UIAA ramase total \u201ddescoperite\u201d, in sensul ca nu au \u201d\u00eenc\u0103put\u201d sub nici o \u201dumbrel\u0103\u201d CEN. De exemplu,\u00a0 \u201dancorele de\u2026 z\u0103pad\u0103<\/strong>\u201d: UIAA 153\/2013<\/strong> (vezi scanare (4) document)\u2026 Adic\u0103, iar\u0103\u0219i \u201dceva\u201d (ca \u0219i st\u00e2nca)\u2026 specific \u201dalpin\u201d, specific \u201dde munte\u201d\u2026\u00a0 \u0219i deci, \u201dnestandardizabil\u201d !!!<\/p>\n

Mai mult! Devine tot mai clar faptul c\u0103, ini\u021bial<\/strong>, normativele UIAA, erau de fapt,\u00a0 destinate activit\u0103\u021bilor cu risc implicit, dar ASUMATE PERSONAL, \u0219i NU unei activit\u0103\u021bi \u201dde interes public\u201d (sau comercial). \u0218i, pentru demonstratie, s\u0103 lu\u0103m exemplul alpinismului industrial<\/u> (o activitate comercial\u0103, reglementat\u0103 \u0219i controlat\u0103 pe baz\u0103 de normative clare dpdv juridic; e o \u201dmeserie\u201d). Ei bine, aici NU se accept\u0103 \u201dscule\u201d din alpinismul \u201dde munte\u201d. NU ajunge marca UIAA pe scule ; obligatoriu \u201dsculele\u201d satisfac un \u201dSTAS adev\u0103rat\u201d(eventual, pot fi \u201dscule\u201d comune, \u0219i de munte \u0219i industriale, dac\u0103<\/u> satisfac simultan <\/u>\u00a0\u0219i<\/strong> standarde CEN \u0219i <\/strong>norme UIAA !!!).<\/p>\n

\u0218i e c\u00e2t se poate de evident\u0103 abordarea diferit\u0103 \u00een cele dou\u0103 cazuri ! S\u0103 lu\u0103m exemplul hamului : ar c\u0103\u021b\u0103ra o \u201dvedeta\u201d de la escalad\u0103 cu un ham de alpinism utilitar ? NU! De ce ? P\u0103i la escalad\u0103, conteaz\u0103 \u201dconfortul\u201d\/ libertatea de mi\u0219care (\u00eenaintea testelor \u201dla rupere\u201d), iar la utilitar , se ignor\u0103 total tocmai \u201dgreutatea\u201d\/gabaritul, dac\u0103 standardul cere ni\u0219te accesorii suplimentare (necesare pentru ac\u021biunile de salvare a muncitorului, de exemplu). De asemenea : alpinistul de munte \u00eencepe cu nodurile de legare in coard\u0103; la utilitar, aceste noduri sunt excluse (se introduc cus\u0103turile \u0219i matis\u0103rile). Apoi : la utilitar, e obligatorie \u00eenc\u0103 o coard\u0103 (de siguran\u021b\u0103), \u0219i \u00eenc\u0103, acesta s\u0103 fie\u2026 metalic\u0103<\/u> (\u0219i, cu blocator adecvat). Pe munte \u00eens\u0103, ideea e s\u0103 cari c\u00e2t mai pu\u021bin\u2026 (chiar dac\u0103, \u00ee\u021bi asumi, \u00een nume personal, ni\u0219te riscuri suplimentare). Iat\u0103 cum, implicit, abordarea este total diferit\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen\u021belegem deci \u2026 cum, \u00een mod repetat<\/strong>, ajungem s\u0103 ne asum\u0103m (\u00een mod personal<\/u>) ni\u0219te riscuri suplimentare<\/strong>\u2026 De aceea alpinismul nu e sport\u2026 Pentru c\u0103 sport, \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u0219i competi\u021bii, iar competi\u021biile<\/u> presupun \u0219i ni\u0219te riscuri asumate \u00ceN NUMELE ALTORA <\/strong>! Iar eliminarea\/diminuarea acestor riscuri (\u00een nume \u201dpublic\u201d), se poate face DOAR \u00een baza unor standarde recunoscute la nivel guvernamental<\/strong><\/u>, \u0219i care, COST\u0102 foarte mult (o r\u0103spundere<\/u> asumat\u0103 extern<\/u>, implic\u0103 \u0219i o anume valoare<\/u>).<\/p>\n

Astfel, NU multe firme de echipamente alpine, care au trecut pe la UIAA, au trecut \u0218I<\/strong> pe la CEN (\u00een primul r\u00e2nd pentru c\u0103 nu e deloc ieftin !).<\/p>\n

Ori, dup\u0103 cum am v\u0103zut, UIAA cam evit\u0103 \u201dasumarea r\u0103spunderii\u201d (iar \u201dvaloarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103\u201d , este pe m\u0103sur\u0103).<\/p>\n

DAR, s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la subiectul nostru : via ferrata<\/strong> (\u00eenarma\u021bi evident, cu informa\u021biile prezentate p\u00e2n\u0103 aici).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Urmeaz\u0103 episodul doi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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